Think Tank Alert

Articles for August 18, 2021 - August 24, 2021
Tuesday, 24 August 2021
Leveraging the Pandemic to Boost Gender Parity in South Korea and Japan
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Canusa Street Episode 8: Oh Cannabis!
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
The Fall of Kabul and the Taliban 2.0
tiny icon of pcns  PCNS (Policy Center for the New South)
Regional Market Integration, Agricultural Transformation, and Poverty Reduction:A review of experiences in selected cases of regional market integration
tiny icon of pcns  PCNS (Policy Center for the New South)
The Bright Appeal of New Tech May Overshadow Practical Business
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
Three Essays on the Broader Effects of the Opioid Crisis
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
Ethiopia’s Civil War, With Michelle Gavin
tiny icon of cfr  CFR (Council on Foreign Relations)
Nigeria's President Buhari Argues "Africa's Fight Against Terror is the World's Fight"
tiny icon of cfr  CFR (Council on Foreign Relations)
How Biden’s China doctrine can swing the pendulum back
tiny icon of lowy  Lowy Institute
New man in Tehran aims for supreme power
tiny icon of lowy  Lowy Institute
This is America’s new foreign policy on show
tiny icon of lowy  Lowy Institute
The Information Warfighter Exercise Wargame: Rulebook
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
A Toolkit for a Score-Based Balance Metric for the Synthetic Control Method: A Tutorial for the synth_asmd STATA Program
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
The Latest Alleged Election Fraud in California May Have Overturned an Election
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Looking back at the events that defined three decades of Ukrainian independence
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
The case for a financial digital asset framework for cryptocurrencies
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Iran’s new face to the world—Hossein Amir-Abdollahian—is no Zarif
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Biden’s Afghanistan Disaster Shows He’s More Bystander Than World Leader
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Afghans Who Risked Lives Helping U.S. Deserve Best Efforts To Ensure Safety
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Administrative Bloat at Universities Raises Costs Without Helping Students
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Community Gardens: A “Fourth Basket” in Singapore’s Food Story?
tiny icon of rsis  RSIS (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)
IP21003 | Malaysia’s New Government: Same But Different
tiny icon of rsis  RSIS (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)
IP21002 | Creating Synergies between the ADMM and Sub-regional Arrangements
tiny icon of rsis  RSIS (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)
Feminism and American Restlessness
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Engagement with False Content Producers Plummeted on Twitter and Facebook
tiny icon of gmf  German Marshall Fund
The Global Energy Transition
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
Taliban Takeover: Humanitarian Implications and Recommendations for the United States
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
Fiat Digital Currency, Information, and Power
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
What Does the Taliban Takeover Mean for the Biden Administration’s Human Rights Agenda?
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
What Do CPTPP Member Country Businesses Think about the CPTPP?
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
Act Now to Save and Learn the Lessons of the Afghan War
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
CO21128 | German Warship in Asia: Berlin’s Indo-Pacific Strategy?
tiny icon of rsis  RSIS (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)
What Beijing’s Expanding Digital Silk Road Means to India?
tiny icon of idsa  IDSA (Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses)
Aftershocks: Pandemic Politics and the End of the Old International Order
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Monitoring and projecting global hunger: Are we on track?
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Governments must help manage the risks of fintech
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Economic repercussions of the COVID-induced tourism collapse in the euro area
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Pakistan’s problematic victory in Afghanistan
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
How veterans can protect American democracy
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Teacher assistants are needed—now more than ever
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Money can be the milk of Taliban moderation
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The good enough doctrine: Learning to live with terrorism
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The center cannot hold: Will a divided world survive common threats?
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
GVC Linkage of Materials, Parts, and Equipment Industries in China, Japan and Korea
tiny icon of kiep  KIEP (Korea Institute for International Economic Policy)
[ADRN Issue Briefing] An Emergence of Youth Participation in Malaysian Politics
tiny icon of eai  East Asia Institute
Could China become the Taliban’s new benefactor?
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
FAST THINKING: A sanctioned Taliban now rules Afghanistan’s multibillion-dollar economy. How do we deal with that?
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
The neglected victim of the Karabakh war
tiny icon of aircenter  AIR Center
Monday, 23 August 2021
What Next for U.S. Engagement on Cambodia’s Protected Forests?
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
SOUTHCOM Gets its First Female Commander
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
The British Response to the Fall of the Afghan Government
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
China Is Organizing the VR Industry. The United States Could Do the Same
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
Biden's Indo-Pacific Policy Blueprint Emerges
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
Nigeria Security Tracker Weekly Update: August 14–20
tiny icon of cfr  CFR (Council on Foreign Relations)
Iraq Is the Middle East’s New Power Broker
tiny icon of cfr  CFR (Council on Foreign Relations)
School Districts Have Expanded Their Nonacademic Services for 2021–2022, While Academic Offerings Remain Much the Same: Selected Findings from the Third American School District Panel Survey
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
5G supply market trends
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
Oversight of the Voting Rights Act: Potential Legislative Reforms
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
COVID-19 lockdown highlights policies to reduce pollution in Saudi Arabia
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
IMF delivers fiscal firepower
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Is Ukraine’s split from Russia now irreversible?
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Biden can reassert US leadership by backing Ukraine against Russia
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
My family was part of the US evacuation of Kurds in 1996. The US must do the same for Afghans.
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Event recap: “On the frontline: Protecting Afghanistan’s human rights defenders”
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
UKRAINE AT 30: What is independent Ukraine’s greatest achievement?
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
An Interim Capability for Countering Chinese Missile Attacks on Guam
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
It’s Time To Update and Improve the Annual Medicare Trustees’ Report
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
The Taliban’s Return to Power Is a Scathing Illustration of the Post-American World that Is Taking Shape
tiny icon of gmf  German Marshall Fund
Key Square Part II: A Discussion on Taiwan with Jim Moriarty
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
Don’t Blink
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
Moving past Taiwan’s Zero-Tolerance Approach
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
CO21127 | Cohesion as a Choice: Regardless of Faith and Identity
tiny icon of rsis  RSIS (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)
De-/Fencing Grasslands
tiny icon of diis  DIIS (Danish Institute for International Studies)
The Engine Room: Rebooting Germany’s Foreign Policy Architecture
tiny icon of dgap  DGAP (German Council on Foreign Relations)
Middle East and North Africa COVID-19 Policy Response Project
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
How will Biden’s broadband infrastructure plan address rural poverty while closing the digital divide? | The TechTank Podcast
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
September 11 in the White House
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Social protection, not just legal protection: Migrant laborers in the Gulf
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The surprisingly inexpensive cost of state-driven emission control strategies
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
الحماية الاجتماعية ضرورة للعمّال الوافدين في الخليج وليس الحماية القانونية فحسب
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Has Japan’s policy toward the Taiwan Strait changed?
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
​杜大伟、黄益平、姚洋:中国的全球影响力与内部挑战
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
What will move Nigerians to shift opinions and demand fuel sector reform?
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Seven major changes in China's finalized Personal Information Protection Law
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
How has education technology impacted student learning in India during COVID-19?
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Ed tech and educational opportunity during the COVID-19 school closures
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The changing landscape for women under Taliban rule
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Americans never understood Afghanistan like the Taliban did
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The coalitions that could shape Germany's future
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Can the Biden presidency survive the impact of Afghanistan?
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The coming storm for a post-Merkel EU
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
They aren’t listed, but make no mistake: The UN has sanctions on the Taliban
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
David Petraeus: ‘The Taliban are about to be acquainted with a very harsh reality—that they are broke’
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Friday, 20 August 2021
Top 10 Traits of a Good Congressional Staffer
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Lessons for President Hichilema – Can He Learn from Lungu’s Mistakes?
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Earl Anthony Wayne on the Future of Afghanistan
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Water and (in-)Security in Afghanistan as the Taliban Take Over
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Wilson Memo: The Developing Relationship Between China & Africa
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES: Title VIII Short Term Grant and George F. Kennan Grant Due September 30
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
5G Supply Market Trends: Executive Summary and Final Report
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
Strategic Airlift in Africa: Understanding Challenges and Opportunities for the Movement Coordination Centre Europe (MCCE) and Member Nations
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
Congress Should Reject Spending Bills That Allow Pro-Abortion Policies
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Iran spent years preparing for a Taliban victory. It may still get stung.
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Four scenarios of Afghanistan under the Taliban
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
What is the key to national prosperity?
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
De-risking and transforming institutional capital for impact in Africa: A conversation with Admassu Tadesse and Morten Elkjær
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Afghanistan’s media landscape under the Taliban
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Biden’s Afghanistan Exit Ignores Lessons From Iraq
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Lessons From a Failed Stealth Jet Can Guide Naval Aviation’s Future
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Does China Want War?
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Curriculum, COVID, and Choice
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
IP21001 | America, ASEAN and the Question of ASEAN’s Centrality
tiny icon of rsis  RSIS (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)
Lessons for Africa in Chinese SOE Governance
tiny icon of saiia  SAIIA (South African Institute of International Affairs)
Immediate Steps to Respond to the Emergency in Afghanistan
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
PEPFAR’s Existential Moment
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
CO21126 | Price Of Political Will: The Fall of Two Regimes
tiny icon of rsis  RSIS (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)
Investment in resilient food systems in the most vulnerable and fragile regions is critical
tiny icon of nupi  NUPI (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs)
The Taliban back in power: an assessment of al-Qaeda and IS two decades after 9/11
tiny icon of diis  DIIS (Danish Institute for International Studies)
Taliban dilemmas
tiny icon of cidob  CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs)
The Taliban takes Afghanistan
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
After Afghanistan, where next? Biden must show resoluteness
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Four takeaways on public space investment for placemakers
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The societal benefits of postsecondary prison education
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Figure of the week: Potential for youth and female employment in industries without smokestacks
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
A proposal for long-term COVID-19 control
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The COVID boom we could do without
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Social media: A tool for peace or conflict?
tiny icon of sipri  SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute)
Will digital money belong to democrats or despots?
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
FAST THINKING: Will the Kabul airlift succeed?
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Afghan Youth Fight For Their Future
tiny icon of aiia  AIIA (Australian Institute of International Affairs)
The Fall of Afghanistan: Blame Their Leadership
tiny icon of aiia  AIIA (Australian Institute of International Affairs)
20 August: The Week in Australian Foreign Affairs
tiny icon of aiia  AIIA (Australian Institute of International Affairs)
Armament, Militarization Of Society And Consistent Provocations: Is Another Tumultuous Autumn On Horizon For Armenia And Azerbaijan? – OpEd
tiny icon of aircenter  AIR Center
Thursday, 19 August 2021
A New Dawn for Zambia – But Will it Last?
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Don’t Bury Me in Trash — From Recycle to Reduce in West Papua: Q&A with Misool Foundation’s Virly Yuriken
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Aligning Roles and Missions for Future Multidomain Warfare
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
Nigerian Press Freedom in Grave Danger
tiny icon of cfr  CFR (Council on Foreign Relations)
ISIS is defeated. What becomes of the ‘Cubs of the Caliphate’ in Iraq?
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Ukraine shines a spotlight on Putin’s Crimean crime
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Making the most of Ukraine’s tech talent
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
A Court Victory in Texas Against Obamacare’s Transgender Mandate
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Senate Democrat Pressures Biden Administration to Soften Iran Policy
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Biden’s 5 Mistruths on Afghanistan
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
The World Is Turning Its Back on North Korean Refugees
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
How Will Biden Handle His Next 3 Afghan Crises?
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Beijing’s Bomb Buildup-Continues as Third New ICBM Field Uncovered
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
If Congress Wants to Invest in Infrastructure, It Should Focus on Defense
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Anomalous Health Incidents: The Havana Syndrome
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Earmarks, a Favorite Tool of Central Planners, Are Making a Comeback
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Remembering and Appreciating Donald Kagan, Yale Professor, Scholar, and Mentor
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Broader and Deeper: Transatlantic Responsibilities in the 21st Century
tiny icon of gmf  German Marshall Fund
Drilling Down on Treasury's New Fossil Fuel Energy Guidance for Multilateral Development Banks
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
New Imagery Shows No Crowds inside Kabul’s Airport
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
CO21125 | Maritime Centre in Batam: The Training Newcomer
tiny icon of rsis  RSIS (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)
Public Procurement Framework in India
tiny icon of idsa  IDSA (Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses)
The BRICS’ lagging vaccine diplomacy
tiny icon of saiia  SAIIA (South African Institute of International Affairs)
Exploring avenues in the EU’s rule of law crisis
tiny icon of clingendael  Clingendael
A healthy reform to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: Updating the Thrifty Food Plan
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Hutchins Roundup: Climate change, diverse policy committees, and more 
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Vaccine hesitancy in nursing homes isn’t all politics
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Does West Africa need a single currency?
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Markets don’t reward sustainable borrowers. Here’s a solution.
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Expanding Title I could eliminate K-12 spending gaps—if the funds are well targeted
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Libya’s peace process: What’s at stake for the Maghreb, 10 years after Gadhafi’s overthrow
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The legacy of 9/11
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Mainstreaming the outcomes mindset of results-based financing
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Is the BBI ruling a sign of judicial independence in Kenya?
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Is Kabul airport the next Dien Bien Phu?
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
A strategic assessment from India: Kabul’s chaos makes Pakistan look more dangerous
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
What Washington owes the American people after its Afghanistan failure
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
FAST THINKING: Was the war worth it? Afghanistan’s former ambassador to the US, Roya Rahmani, weighs in
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Women’s Conscription: A Move Towards Gender Equality?
tiny icon of aiia  AIIA (Australian Institute of International Affairs)
Climate Change Intensifies Humanitarian Crises
tiny icon of aiia  AIIA (Australian Institute of International Affairs)
Wednesday, 18 August 2021
Misconceptions on Miscarriage – The Dangers of Cultural Silence
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Nicaragua: Ortega Started to Kill Democracy a Long Time Ago
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Russia's Colonial History in Alaska: A Conversation with Title VIII Short-Term Scholar Michael Kraemer
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Which version of Canada's election history will prevail?
tiny icon of wilson  Wilson Center
Early COVID-19 Vaccine Campaign in the United States Prevented Nearly 140,000 Deaths
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
Boko Haram Defections Spike in Nigeria and Cameroon
tiny icon of cfr  CFR (Council on Foreign Relations)
Will Students Come Back? A July 2021 Parent Survey About School Hesitancy and Parental Preferences for COVID-19 Safety Practices in Schools
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
Parents Remain Concerned About Safety of In-Person Instruction
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
The Changing Nature of Entrepreneurship
tiny icon of rand  RAND Corporation
12 Defensive Gun Uses Underscore Fallacy of Mexico’s Lawsuit
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Belarus dictator escalates EU border migrant crisis
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
The Prospects for a Real “China Bill”
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Biden Administration’s Growing Disconnect on Nuclear Deterrence Priorities
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Joe Biden’s Afghanistan Speech Proves He Will Be President Chaos
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
We Need To Understand China’s Domestic Politics
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Biden and Critical Race Theory—How To Fight Back
tiny icon of heritage  Heritage Foundation
Hydrogen: Savior or Boondoggle for Russia?
tiny icon of gmf  German Marshall Fund
Picking Up the Pieces in Afghanistan. What Now?
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Will Do More to Reach 2050 Climate Targets than Those of 2030
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
The Next Big Refugee Crisis Just Started
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
Stories of Afghans Left Behind Will Hurt America around the World
tiny icon of csis  CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies)
CO21124 | Europe’s Islamic Tightrope
tiny icon of rsis  RSIS (S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)
Nature-based Solutions to development and climate change challenges
tiny icon of diis  DIIS (Danish Institute for International Studies)
Public Opinion on an Ever More Differentiated EU
tiny icon of cidob  CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs)
Geo-Economics and Trade
tiny icon of dgap  DGAP (German Council on Foreign Relations)
A New Roadmap for the Euro Area
tiny icon of dgap  DGAP (German Council on Foreign Relations)
Russia and America’s overlapping legacies in Afghanistan
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Millions of workers will lose their safety net this Labor Day if Congress doesn’t act
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Taking climate action demands better local accounting of costs and benefits
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Five ways that Open Source Software shapes AI policy
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The Washington, DC region has built too much housing in the wrong places
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
How will China seek to profit from the Taliban's takeover in Afghanistan
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Biden's handling of Afghanistan has angered some allies
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
Will Afghanistan become a terrorist safe haven again?
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
The benefits and costs of broadband expansion
tiny icon of brookings  Brookings
‘The Reserves Will Hold’: Changes in the Israel Defense Forces’ Operational Concept
tiny icon of rusi  RUSI
Book Review: A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crises of Global Order
tiny icon of rusi  RUSI
Book Review: Russia Resurrected: Its Power and Purpose in a New Global Order
tiny icon of rusi  RUSI
Crisis in Malaysia: Politicking amid the Pandemic
tiny icon of siia  SIIA (Singapore Institute of International Affairs)
Experts react: What the fall of Afghanistan means for Europe
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
FAST THINKING: What does the fall of Kabul mean for India and Pakistan?
tiny icon of atlanticcouncil  Atlantic Council
Episode 79: Afghanistan
tiny icon of aiia  AIIA (Australian Institute of International Affairs)
Taiwan and the Trump Administration: Meaningful Engagement or Partisan Opportunism?
tiny icon of aiia  AIIA (Australian Institute of International Affairs)
“Faster, Higher, Stronger – Together”: Social Change and the Olympic Games
tiny icon of aiia  AIIA (Australian Institute of International Affairs)
The neglected humanitarian problem of the Karabakh conflict: the fate of missing people
tiny icon of aircenter  AIR Center